第1章 语言和语言学习

1.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1 The way we learn languages

我们习得语言的方式

2 Views on language

语言观点

3 The structural view of language

结构主义语言理论

4 The functional view of language

功能主义语言理论

5 The interactional view of language

交互语言理论

6 Common views on language learning

关于语言学习的普遍观点

7 Process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories

强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论

8 The behaviorist theory

行为主义学习理论

9 Cognitive theory

认知学习理论

10 Constructivist theory

建构主义学习理论

11 Socio-constructivist theory

社会建构主义理论

12 Qualities of a good language teacher

一个好的语言老师必备的素养

13 Teacher’s professional development

教师专业技能发展

本章考点：

我们如何习得语言；结构主义语言理论；功能主义语言理论；交互语言理论；关于语言学习的普遍观点；强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建构主义学习理论；社会建构主义理论；成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质；教师专业技能发展图。

本章内容索引：

Ⅰ. The way we learn languages

Ⅱ. Views on language

1 The structural view of language

2 The functional view of language

3 The interactional view of language

Ⅲ. Views on language learning and learning in general

1 Research on language learning

2 Common views on language learning and learning in general

(1) Behaviorist theory

(2) Cognitive theory

(3) Constructivist theory

(4) Socio-constructivist theory

Ⅳ. Qualities of a good language teacher

Ⅴ. Development of a good language teacher

Ⅵ. An overview of the book

This chapter contains the foundation of this methodology course, discussing issues covering the definition of language and the language learning theories, as well as the impact of these theories on teachers’ teaching methods as well as learners’ learning ways. Moreover, this chapter discusses the qualities that a good English teacher should possess to help language teaching participants establish the proper teaching awareness.

这一章介绍的是教学法的基本方法论，探讨的问题涵盖语言的定义和语言学习的观点，以及这些观点对教师教学方式和学习者学习方式的影响。另外，本章还探讨了一个好的英语教师应具备的素质，以帮助语言教学参与者树立应有的教学意识。

Ⅰ. The way we learn languages（我们习得语言的方式）

Many human behaviors will show the influence of personal past experience, including learning foreign languages. The language learning mode that the language teachers accepted will affect their later teaching methods in the class.

The difficulty of language teaching is to enable learners with many differences to successfully acquire the new language.

许多人类行为会显现出个人过往经验的影响力，学习外语也是如此。语言老师接受过的语言学习模式会影响他们之后在课堂上的教学方式。

语言教学的难点在于尽量使存在许多不同之处的学习者成功习得新语言。

Ⅱ. Views on language（语言理论）

【考点：结构主义语言理论、功能主义语言理论、交互语言理论的定义及具体应用】

Three views about the nature of language: There are many possible theoretical positions about the nature of language. Here are three different views which are explicitly or implicitly reflected in current approaches to language learning.

关于语言本质的三种观点：在语言的本质上有很多潜在的语言观点，当前语言学习的方法直接或间接反映了三种不同观点。

1 The structural view of language（结构主义语言理论）

The structural view of language is that language is a system of structurally related elements for the transmission of meaning.

结构主义语言理论认为语言是一个用于传递意义的系统，其中各因素在结构上相互联系。

(1) The elements of language system

第1章 语言和语言学习

Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.

1. According to the _____ theory represented by Vygotsky, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.（山东师范大学2018研）

【答案】socio-constructivist查看答案

【解析】本题考查的是社会建构主义理论的观点。以维果茨基为代表的社会建构主义理论认为学习的最佳途径是师生之间以及学生之间的活跃互动。

2. The functional view not only sees language as a _____ system but also a means for doing things.（安徽师范大学2015研）

【答案】linguistic查看答案

【解析】本题考查的是功能主义语言理论。该种语言理论不仅将语言视作语言系统，还将它看作一种方法。

3. There are at least three theoretical views of language and the nature of language proficiency. The first is ______, the second is ______ and the third is ______.（天津师范大学2012研）

【答案】structural view，functional view，interactional view查看答案

【解析】本题考查的是语言理论。语言理论有三种，分别是结构主义语言理论、功能主义结构理论和交互式语言理论。

4. The constructivist theory believes that _____ is a process in which learners construct meaning based on their own experiences and what they already know.（山东师范大学2017研）

【答案】learning查看答案

【解析】本题考查的是建构主义学习理论的观点。建构主义认为：学习是学习者依据已有经验和已有知识建构意义的过程。

5. _____ theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere.

【答案】Condition-oriented查看答案

【解析】以（学习）条件为导向的理论注重人的本质和语言学习的物理环境，如学生的人数，学习者接收的语言输入类型，以及学习气氛。

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