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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解

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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)复习笔记精选

. The origin of language(语言的起源)

1. The bow-wow theory(“汪汪”理论)

Primitive words were imitative of sounds; for example, from the barking of dogs, we created a word which meant “dog” or “bark”.

语言是模仿自然的声音,例如动物的叫声,狗叫声等。

2. The pooh-pooh theory(“噗噗”理论)

Language is derived from instinctive cries called forth by intense emotions.

语言来源于人本能的情感声音,表达疼痛等。

3. The ding-dong theory(“叮咚”理论)

Every substance has a natural resonance when struck. Possibly, when man was struck by an impression (for example, the sight of a sheep), he would emit the appropriate vocal response, that is, the word “sheep”.

每个物体在敲击时都有自己的回音。例,当人们听到某种音而印象深刻时(如sheep的声音),便会发出适当的口头回复,这就成了单词“sheep”。

4. The yo-he-ho theory(“哟-嘿-吼”理论)

Under heavy external loads, man would emit noises from his vocal tract; these noises became language, so the first words might mean “heave” or “haul”.

在受到外来压力时,人们会从声道处发出哟嘿的声音,这些声音便成了语言,因此第一个单词一般表示“举”或“拖”等。

5. The ta-ta theory(模仿理论)

Man-made gestures appropriate to certain situations, for example, waving when taking leave; the tongue might duplicate the manual gesture and utter the sound ta-ta.

人们在特定情景会做出特定的动作,如送别时会挥手。舌头可能会重复手的动作,发出声音“回头见”。

6. The ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay theory(“塔拉啦布德瑞”理论)

Language might have arisen from ritual dance and incantation.

在舞会及咒语中也会产生语言。

. The acquisition of language(语言的习得)

1. Features of language acquisition(语言习得的特征)

(1) universally successful普遍成功

(2) no explicit instruction无明确指导

(3) rapid迅速的

(4) conditional有条件的

2. Stages of language acquisition(语言习得的阶段)

(1) babbling period: birth- around 6 months, some sounds produced;

呀呀学语阶段:从出生到6个月,能发一些音;

(2) syllabic speech period: around 8 months, syllables like [mama] replace babbled sounds;

音节发音阶段:8个月左右,能够发出“mama”代替含糊不清的音;

(3) single-word stage: around 1 year old, first words, no grammar; carry out simple commands;

单音节阶段:1岁左右,单音节无语法,能执行简单的命令;

(4) onset of speech: 18 months, more words (3-50 words);

语言初步习得:18个月,学会3—50个单词;

(5) two-word utterances stage: 2 years old; begin one’s own creation of two-word phrases (early stage of grammar);

双音节阶段:2岁,能自己造词(开始习得语法);

(6) full-understanding stage: 2.5 years old;

完全理解阶段:2岁半;

(7) near adult-speech: 3 years old; overgeneralization of inflections;

接近成年阶段:3岁,屈折变化的高度概括;

(8) adult speech: 4 years old.

成年阶段:4岁。

3. Theory of children language acquisition(儿童语言习得理论)

(1) Definition(定义)

Some scholars suggest that children are able to learn language because adults speak to them in a special “simplified” language sometimes called motherese, care-takerese, or child directed speech (CDS) (more informally, baby talk).

一些学者认为,儿童之所以能够学习语言,是因为成年人用一种特殊的“简化”语言与他们交谈,这种语言有时被称为“母亲语”“看护语”或“儿童直接语言”(CDS)(更通俗的说法是“婴儿语”)。

One theory of child language acquisition argues that children learn to produce “correct” sentences because they are positively reinforced when they say something right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.

儿童语言习得理论认为,儿童学习“正确”的句子是因为当他们说正确的事情时,他们会得到积极的强化,而当他们说错误的事情时,他们会得到消极的强化。

(2) Example (例子)

For example:

例如:

Child: Nobody don’t like me.

Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me”.

Child: Nobody don’t like me.

(dialogue repeated eight times)

Mother: Now, listen carefully, say “Nobody likes me”.

Child: Oh, nobody don’t likes me.

孩子:没有人不喜欢我。

母亲:不,说“没人喜欢我”。

孩子:没有人不喜欢我。

(对话重复8次)

妈妈:现在,仔细听,说“没人喜欢我”。

孩子:哦,没有人不喜欢我。

. Linguistics: The science of language(语言学:语言的科学)

1. Definition(定义)

The scientific study of language makes what we call linguistics.

对语言的科学研究即为语言学。

2. Branch(分支)

(1) Core branches, within the scope of theoretical lin­guistics

核心分支,理论语言学范围内

Such as phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

如语音学、音位学、形态学、句法、语义学和语用学

(2) Peripheral branches, under the umbrella of applied linguistics

边缘分支,应用语言学范围下

Such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, lan­guage pedagogy, first/second language acquisition, clinic linguistics, computational linguistics, etc.

如社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、人类学语言学、语言教学法、第一/第二语言习得、临床语言学、计算语言学等。

3. Character(特点)

(1) synchronic approach over diachronic approach

共时法与历时法

(2) descriptivism over prescriptivism

描写主义与规范主义

(3) spoken language over written language

口头语言与书面语言


陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)教材目录

第1章 导 言

 1.1 复习笔记

 1.2 课后习题详解

第2章 英语语音

 2.1 复习笔记

 2.2 课后习题详解

第3章 英语语言单位

 3.1 复习笔记

 3.2 课后习题详解

第4章 英语语言结构(

 4.1 复习笔记

 4.2 课后习题详解

第5章 英语语言结构(

 5.1 复习笔记

 5.2 课后习题详解

第6章 英语语言意义(

 6.1 复习笔记

 6.2 课后习题详解

第7章 英语语言意义(

 7.1 复习笔记

 7.2 课后习题详解

第8章 英语语言的应用(

 8.1 复习笔记

 8.2 课后习题详解

第9章 英语语言的应用(

 9.1 复习笔记

 9.2 课后习题详解

第10章 英语语言的应用(

 10.1 复习笔记

 10.2 课后习题详解

第11章 英语语言的应用(

 11.1 复习笔记

 11.2 课后习题详解

第12章 英语的认知研究

 12.1 复习笔记

 12.2 课后习题详解

第13章 英语语言变体(

 13.1 复习笔记

 13.2 课后习题详解

第14章 英语语言变体(

 14.1 复习笔记

 14.2 课后习题详解

第15章 英语习得

 15.1 复习笔记

 15.2 课后习题详解


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